Benzoyl peroxide is an organic compound with the chemical formula C14H10O4. It is a white, granular, or crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water but more soluble in organic solvents. Benzoyl peroxide is widely recognized for its use in the treatment of acne due to its antibacterial properties and ability to promote skin peeling and renewal.

In the context of dermatology, benzoyl peroxide is a common ingredient in over-the-counter and prescription acne treatments. It works by reducing the amount of acne-causing bacteria on the skin, specifically Propionibacterium acnes, and by causing the skin to dry and peel, which helps to clear blocked pores. This dual action makes it effective in reducing the severity and frequency of acne outbreaks. Benzoyl peroxide is available in various formulations, including gels, creams, lotions, and cleansers, with concentrations typically ranging from 2.5% to 10%.

The mechanism of action of benzoyl peroxide involves the release of oxygen when it comes into contact with the skin. This oxygen release creates an environment that is inhospitable to anaerobic bacteria, such as P. acnes, thereby reducing bacterial proliferation. Additionally, benzoyl peroxide acts as a keratolytic agent, promoting the shedding of the outer layer of skin and preventing the formation of comedones (clogged hair follicles).

Beyond its dermatological applications, benzoyl peroxide is also used in the polymer industry as a catalyst for polymerization reactions. It serves as an initiator in the production of various plastics and resins, where it helps to start the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of polymer chains.

Despite its effectiveness, benzoyl peroxide can cause side effects, particularly when used in higher concentrations. Common side effects include skin irritation, dryness, redness, and peeling. It is advisable for users to start with lower concentrations and gradually increase as tolerated. Additionally, benzoyl peroxide can bleach hair and fabrics, so care should be taken during application.

In summary, benzoyl peroxide is a versatile compound with significant applications in both dermatology and industry. Its primary role in acne treatment is well-established, thanks to its antibacterial and keratolytic properties. However, users should be mindful of potential side effects and use the product as directed to minimize irritation and achieve the best results.

Benzoyl peroxide (Wikipedia)

Benzoyl peroxide

Skeletal formula (top) Ball-and-stick model (bottom)
Clinical data
Trade names	Benzac, Panoxyl, others
Other names	benzoperoxide, dibenzoyl peroxide (DBPO), BPO
AHFS/Drugs.com	Professional Drug Facts
MedlinePlus	a601026
License data	US DailyMed: Benzoyl peroxide
Routes of administration	Topical
ATC code	D10AE01 (WHO) D10AE51 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S5 (Caution) / Schedule 4, Schedule 2 Appendix E, clause 3 Appendix F, clause 4 US: OTC / Rx-only
Identifiers
IUPAC name benzoic peroxyanhydride
CAS Number	94-36-0
PubChem CID	7187
DrugBank	DB09096
ChemSpider	6919
UNII	W9WZN9A0GM
KEGG	D03093 C19346
ChEBI	CHEBI:82405
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200370
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6024591
ECHA InfoCard	100.002.116
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C14H10O4
Molar mass	242.230 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Density	1.334 g/cm3
Melting point	103 to 105 °C (217 to 221 °F) decomposes
Solubility in water	poor mg/mL (20 °C)
SMILES c1ccc(cc1)C(=O)OOC(=O)c2ccccc2
InChI InChI=1S/C14H10O4/c15-13(11-7-3-1-4-8-11)17-18-14(16)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H Key:OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Data page
Benzoyl peroxide (data page)

Benzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with the structural formula (C₆H₅−C(=O)O−)₂, often abbreviated as (BzO)₂. The molecule can be described structurally as two benzoyl (C₆H₅−C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−). It is a white granular solid with a faint odour of benzaldehyde, poorly soluble in water but soluble in acetone, ethanol, and many other organic solvents. Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizer, which is principally used in the production of polymers.

Benzoyl peroxide is mainly used in production of plastics and for bleaching flour, hair, plastics and textiles.

As a bleach, it has been used as a medication and a water disinfectant.

As a medication, benzoyl peroxide is mostly used to treat acne, either alone or in combination with other treatments. Some versions are sold mixed with antibiotics such as clindamycin. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as an over-the-counter and generic medication. It is also used in dentistry for tooth whitening. In 2021, it was the 284th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 700,000 prescriptions.